@article { ISI:000304401600015,
	title = {Surface species of supported ruthenium catalysts in selective hydrogenation of levulinic esters for bio-refinery application},
	journal = {Catalysis Letters},
	volume = {142},
	number = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {779-787},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA},
	abstract = {<p>Several supported noble metal catalysts were screened for the hydrogenation of methyl levulinate to gamma-valerolactone (GVL). Among these catalysts 5 \% Ru/C showed the highest conversion of 95 \% of methyl levulinate with 91 \% selectivity to GVL. A detailed characterization was carried out using TPR, XRD, XPS and BET techniques. XPS studies revealed that higher extent of Ru-0 species in case of carbon supported Ru was responsible for its higher hydrogenation activity as compared to Ru on other supports. Effect of process parameters such as temperature, H-2 pressure, catalyst and substrate concentration and metal loading on methyl LA conversion and selectivity to GVL also has been studied. 5 \% Ru/C catalyst was found to be stable up to five reuses.</p>},
	keywords = {5 \% Ru/C, Biofeedstock, gamma-Valerolactone, H-2-TPR, Hydrogenation, Methyl levulinate, XPS},
	issn = {1011-372X},
	doi = {10.1007/s10562-012-0822-4},
	author = {Hengne, Amol M. and Biradar, Narayan S. and Rode, Chandrashekhar V.}
}
