@article { ISI:000315844500003,
	title = {G-quadruplex augments translation in the 5 {\textquoteleft} untranslated region of transforming growth factor beta 2},
	journal = {Biochemistry},
	volume = {52},
	number = {9},
	year = {2013},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {1528-1538},
	publisher = {AMER CHEMICAL SOC},
	address = {1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA},
	abstract = {<p>Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF beta 2) is a versatile cytokine with a prominent role in cell migration, invasion, cellular development, and immunomodulation. TGF beta 2 promotes the malignancy of tumors by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. As it is well-documented that nucleic acid secondary structure can regulate gene expression, we assessed whether any secondary motif regulates its expression at the post-transcriptional level. Bioinformatics analysis predicts an existence of a 23-nucleotide putative G-quadruplex sequence (PG4) in the 5{\textquoteright} untranslated region (UTR) of TGF beta 2 mRNA. The ability of this stretch of sequence to form a highly stable, intramolecular parallel quadruplex was demonstrated using ultraviolet and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Footprinting studies further validated its existence in the presence of a neighboring nucleotide sequence. Following structural characterization, we evaluated the biological relevance of this secondary motif using a dual luciferase assay. Although PG4 inhibits the expression of the reporter gene, its presence in the context of the entire 5{\textquoteright} UTR sequence interestingly enhances gene expression. Mutation or removal of the G-quadruplex sequence from the 5{\textquoteright} UTR of the gene diminished the level of expression of this gene at the translational level. Thus, here we highlight an activating role of the G-quadruplex in modulating gene expression of TGF beta 2 at the translational level and its potential to be used as a target for the development of therapeutics against cancer.</p>},
	issn = {0006-2960},
	doi = {10.1021/bi301365g},
	author = {Agarwala, Prachi and Pandey, Satyaprakash and Mapa, Koyeli and Maiti, Souvik}
}
