@article { ISI:000356755500019,
	title = {Catalytic upgrading of citric acid to environmental friendly tri-butyl citrate plasticizer over ultra stable phosphonated Y zeolite},
	journal = {Chemical Engineering Research \& Design},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2015},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {212-219},
	publisher = {INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS},
	address = {165-189 RAILWAY TERRACE, DAVIS BLDG, RUGBY CV21 3HQ, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>The catalytic synthesis of non-toxic/eco-friendly tributyl citrate (TBC) plasticizer by esterification of renewable citric acid (CA) with butanol would be completely sustainable route. In this context, catalytic performance of parent ultra stable Y (USY) and phosphonated USY catalysts were investigated for TBC synthesis. Parent USY and phosphonated USY catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N-2 adsorption-desorption, NH3 temperature programmed desorption (TPD), pyridine-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), FTIR, SEM, ICP. The influence of various process parameters such as phosphorous (P) loading (0 to 4 wt/\%), catalyst loading (5-25\%), molar ratio of CA to n-butanol (1:4 to 1:12), reaction temperature (383-423 K) and reaction time (1-5 h) have been investigated over USY catalyst with aim to maximize CA conversion and TBC yield. Amongst the studied catalysts, the 2\% (w/w) P/USY was found to be highly potential catalyst with complete CA conversion (100\%) and 93\% TBC yield. The present method of using 2\% (w/w) P/USY catalyst for the synthesis of TBC would be environmentally benign in the context of bio-renewable synthetic route, high catalytic activity, non-toxic product, long term stability and reusability of catalyst (five catalytic cycles). (c) 2015 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,</p>},
	keywords = {Butanol, Citric acid, heterogeneous catalysis, Plasticizer, Tributyl citrate},
	issn = {0263-8762},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cherd.2015.04.037},
	author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Gogoi, Pranjal and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
