01693nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260009900207300001400306490000700320520079400327653001101121653002701132653001701159653001801176653002401194100001901218700002201237700002701259700002201286700001801308856011301326       2009                        eng d  a0016-236100aTransesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts0 aTransesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyashbased so  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLANDbELSEVIER SCI LTDcSEP  a1773-17780 v883 a<p>Flyash-based base catalyst was used in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to methyl esters in a heterogeneous manner. Catalyst preparation variables such as, the KNO(3) loading amount and calcination temperature were optimized. The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD. The catalyst prepared by loading of 5 wt.% KNO(3) on flyash followed by its calcination at 773 K has exhibited maximum oil conversion (87.5 wt.%). The influence of various reaction parameters such as % catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, temperature, reusability of the catalyst on the catalytic activity was investigated. K(2)O derived from KNO(3) might be an essential component in the catalyst for its efficiency. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10aFlyash10aheterogeneous catalyst10aMethyl ester10aSunflower oil10atransesterification1 aKotwal, M., S.1 aNiphadkar, P., S.1 aDeshpande, Suvarna, S.1 aBokade, Vijay, V.1 aJoshi, P., N.  uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/transesterification-sunflower-oil-catalyzed-flyash-based-solid-catalysts-002154nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245012400055210006900179260007300248300001200321490000700333520131700340653001401657653001901671653002101690653002401711100002901735700002201764700002201786856012801808       2015                        eng d  a2095-495600aPhosphonated USY, a promising catalyst for the development of environmentally benign biodiesel (methyl acetate) process0 aPhosphonated USY a promising catalyst for the development of env  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcMAY  a285-2900 v243 a<p>The present study focuses on the evaluation of the potential applicability of Ultra Stable Y (USY) and phosphonated USY (1 wt%-4 wt% phosphorous loading) as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel (methyl acetate) production. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunaer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, total acidity by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. The performances of catalysts were evaluated for the transesterification of butyl acetate with methanol (a model reaction in biodiesel production). In view to obtain a maximum yield of methyl acetate, the optimization of process parameters such as reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time was performed. All the phosphonated USY catalysts showed higher catalytic activity than the parent USY, which can be attributed to the increase of total acidity due to phosphonation. 2 wt% P/USY (2% phosphorous loaded on USY) exhibited 92% methyl acetate yield with 100% selectivity, which was proved to be a potential catalyst for biodiesel production. The invented catalyst was found to be stable and reusable for five catalytic cycles, demonstrating that it might be a environmentally benign catalytic process.</p>10aBiodiesel10amethyl acetate10aphosphonated USY10atransesterification1 aNandiwale, Kakasaheb, Y.1 aGopal, Gahana, C.1 aBokade, Vijay, V.  uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/phosphonated-usy-promising-catalyst-development-environmentally-benign-biodiesel-methyl-0