@article { ISI:000242010600002, title = {Hydrophobic, solid acid catalysts for production of biofuels and lubricants}, journal = {Applied Catalysis A-General}, volume = {314}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, month = {NOV}, pages = {148-159}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, type = {Article}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

A novel application of Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes as solid catalysts in the preparation of fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel/biolubricants) from vegetable oils is reported. The catalysts are hydrophobic (no H2O adsorption at reaction temperatures) and contain only Lewis acidic sites (NH3 and pyridine adsorption). Bronsted acid sites are absent (absence of 1546 and 1639 cm(-1) bands on adsorption of pyridine). Basic sites are also absent (no CO2 adsorption). Unlike the homogeneous or other solid catalysts (like ZnO-Al2O3, for example), the Fe-Zn, DMC catalysts are highly active even for the simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of the free fatty acids (FFA) present in unrefined and waste cooking oils as well as non-edible oils. They are also tolerant of water, probably, due to their surface hydrophobicity. A relationship between the transesterification activity and the concentration of strong Lewis acid sites has been observed. Coordinatively unsaturated Zn2+ ions in the structure of the Fe-Zn complex are the probable active sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {alcoholysis of vegetable oils, Biodiesel, Biolubricants, double-metal cyanides (DMC), esterification of free fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters, solid Fe-Zn catalysts, transesterification of vegetable oils}, issn = {0926-860X}, doi = {10.1016/j.apcata.2006.08.012}, author = {Sreeprasanth, Pulinthanathu Sree and Srivastava, R. and Srinivas, D. and Ratnasamy, P.} } @article { ISI:000251643300013, title = {Micropropagation of mature pongamia pinnata pierre}, journal = {In Vitro Cellular \& Developmental Biology-Plant}, volume = {43}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {DEC}, pages = {608-613}, publisher = {SPRINGER}, type = {Article}, address = {233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}, abstract = {

Murashige and Skoog{\textquoteright}s (MS) basal medium with benzylaminopurine (BA), kinetin (KN), zeatin (Z), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were tested for induction of multiple shoots from mature-tree-derived axillary meristems of Pongamia pinnata. Sprouting of buds was 64\% on medium devoid of plant growth regulators (PGR). Incorporation of BA, KN, or Z was ineffective in enhancing sprouting frequency or induction of multiple shoots. Sprouting was completely suppressed in the presence of TDZ. Caulogenic buds appeared in nodal meristems of these explants after withdrawal of TDZ. The number of shoot buds was more on explants precultured in higher concentrations. At higher concentrations of this PGR, a swelling developed at the axil. Multiple shoot primordia appeared and differentiated from this swelling after culturing these explants on MS medium for six passages of 2 wk each. Shoots were harvested and cultured on 0.45 mu M TDZ for further proliferation. Primary explants after harvesting of shoots were identified as {\textquoteleft}stump{\textquoteright}. Reculturing of stumps on 0.45 mu M TDZ produced more shoots. This step was followed for six cycles to obtain additional shoots in each cycle. Shoots maintained on 0.45 mu M TDZ elongated and rooted (70\%) on growth regulator-free medium. Rooted shoots (65\%) survived transfer to a sand/soil mixture. This report describes the protocol for micropropagation of P. pinnata using mature-tree-derived nodal meristems. Recycling of mature stock to produce a stream of useable shoots for subculturing and eventual stabilization is of great value and can possibly be generalized as an isolation protocol especially for woody species. Repeated proliferation of caulogenic buds from the same origin may also find application in rescue of endangered germplasm.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, Pongam, Pongamia, shoot differentiation, thidiazuron}, issn = {1054-5476}, doi = {10.1007/s11627-007-9049-2}, author = {Sujatha, K. and Hazra, Sulekha} } @article { ISI:000253450900027, title = {Synthesis of biodiesel over zirconia-supported isopoly and heteropoly tungstate catalysts}, journal = {Catalysis Communications}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {MAR}, pages = {696-702}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, type = {Article}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

The liquid-phase synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol is carried out by using zirconia-supported isopoly and heteropoly tungstates (HPAs) as catalysts. The isopoly and heteropoly tungstate catalysts were prepared by suspending zirconium oxyhydroxide in water/methanol solution of ammonium metatungstate/silicotungstic acid, phosphotungstic acid (WO3/HPA loading, 15\%,,) followed by drying and calcination at 750 degrees C. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NH3-TPD and FTIR pyridine adsorption spectroscopy. XRD results indicate that the presence of isopoly and heteropoly tungstates stabilizes ZrO2 in tetragonal phase. Raman and IR spectra of the catalysts show that tungstate species exist as zirconia-anchored octahedral mono-oxotungstate. The acidity measurements by NH3-TPD and FTIR pyridine adsorption spectroscopy show that zirconia-supported phosphotungstate has the highest total acidity and zirconia-supported isopoly tungstate has the highest Bronsted acidity. The zirconia-supported isopoly tungstate shows superior catalytic performance compared to zirconia-supported heteropoly tungstate catalysts. Under the reaction conditions of 200 degrees C and methanol/oil molar ratio 15, 15\% WO3/ZrO2 calcined at 750 degrees C gave 97\% conversion of oil. This catalyst also efficiently catalyzes methanolysis of other vegetable oils like mustard oil and sesame oil. The deactivated catalyst could be regenerated by calcination without appreciable loss in activity. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, phosphotungstic acids, Silicotungstic acid, transesterification, tungsten oxide, Zirconia}, issn = {1566-7367}, doi = {10.1016/j.catcom.2007.08.007}, author = {Sunita, G. and Devassy, Biju M. and Vinu, Ajayan and Sawant, Dhanashri P. and Balasubramanian, Veerappan V. and Halligudi, Shivappa B.} } @article { ISI:000293288500001, title = {Biodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fat over solid acid double-metal cyanide catalysts}, journal = {Catalysis Surveys from Asia}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {SEP}, pages = {145-160}, publisher = {SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS}, address = {233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}, abstract = {

Biodiesel comprises of fatty acid alkyl esters prepared from vegetable oils or animal fat by esterification/transesterification with short-chain alcohols (methanol or ethanol, for example). It is a biodegradable renewable fuel. Its production is growing exponentially due to greater concerns about environmental protection and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Further, its production from non-edible oils and animal fat is more desirable than from edible oils due to lower cost of non-edible feedstocks and elimination of food verses fuel issues. Solid acid catalysts are ideal for conversion of such low-grade oils to biodiesel. Biodiesel from non-edible oils can be produced by two methods: (1) simultaneous esterification of fatty acids and transesterification of fatty acid glycerides and (2) hydrolysis of glycerides followed by esterification. This account reports the catalytic performance of solid, Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes and other acid catalysts in these transformations for biodiesel production. The factors influencing the catalytic performance of the solid acid catalysts in biodiesel production are discussed.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, Double-metal cyanide, Esterification, Hydrolysis, solid acid catalysts, transesterification}, issn = {1571-1013}, doi = {10.1007/s10563-010-9108-2}, author = {Srinivas, Darbha and Satyarthi, Jitendra K.} } @article { ISI:000294237100001, title = {Lanthanum and zinc incorporated hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts for biodiesel and biolubricants production}, journal = {Indian Journal of Chemistry Section A-Inorganic Bio-Inorganic Physical Theoretical \& Analytical Chemistry}, volume = {50}, number = {8}, year = {2011}, month = {AUG}, pages = {1017-1025}, publisher = {NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION-NISCAIR}, address = {DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, PUSA CAMPUS, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA}, abstract = {

Mg-Al hydrotalcites doped with varying amounts of lanthanum and zinc ions (10 30 mol \%) have been prepared by co-precipitation method and used, after calcination at 873 K, as solid base catalysts for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol (producing biodiesel) and n-octanol (producing biolubricants). The catalyst with 20 mol \% of lanthanum shows the highest transesterification activity (soybean oil conversion = 100 \% and biodiesel yield = 95 \%) at 423 K in 4 h. Catalytic activity varies in proportion with the basicity of the catalysts.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, Biolubricants, catalysis, Doped hydrotalcites, Hydrotalcites, Lanthanum, Solid base catalysts, transesterification, Vegetable oils, zinc}, issn = {0376-4710}, author = {Rahul, R. and Satyarthi, Jitendra K. and Srinivas, D.} } @article { ISI:000293492300025, title = {Selective epoxidation of methyl soyate over alumina-supported group VI metal oxide catalysts}, journal = {Applied Catalysis A-General}, volume = {401}, number = {1-2}, year = {2011}, month = {JUL}, pages = {189-198}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Epoxidation of methyl soyate (biodiesel), soybean oil and oleic acid with tert.-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was investigated over gamma-alumina-supported group VI metal oxides (CrOx/Al2O3, MoOx/Al2O3 and WOx/Al2O3) prepared by impregnation method. The studies revealed that 15 wt\% MoOx on gamma-Al2O3 was the most active catalyst (conversion \>90 mol\% under optimized conditions). While MoOx/Al2O3 is selective mainly for epoxidation, the other catalysts are active for epoxidation as well as for decomposition of TBHP. The active species on the catalyst surface were investigated using in situ UV-visible spectroscopy. A linear correlation was observed between epoxidation activity and surface acidity of the catalyst. A new H-1 NMR method was developed to monitor the progress of epoxidation reaction which was found to be superior to gas chromatographic method in estimating the conversion of double bonds of fatty compounds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Alumina-supported group VI metal oxides, Biodiesel, epoxidation, Fatty acids, H-1 NMR spectroscopy, MoOx/Al2O3, Vegetable oil}, issn = {0926-860X}, doi = {10.1016/j.apcata.2011.05.021}, author = {Satyarthi, Jitendra K. and Srinivas, D.} } @article { ISI:000299911600015, title = {Challenges and opportunities in biofuels production}, journal = {Indian Journal of Chemistry Section A-Inorganic Bio-Inorganic Physical Theoretical \& Analytical Chemistry}, volume = {51}, number = {1-2}, year = {2012}, month = {JAN}, pages = {174-185}, publisher = {NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION-NISCAIR}, address = {DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, PUSA CAMPUS, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA}, abstract = {

Biofuels are attractive alternative to petroleum diesel. They are renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon neutral and lead to reduced tailpipe emissions. This article presents the current state-of-art processes of their production and discusses the opportunities and future challenges in this area of research.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, biofuels, Deoxygenation, Hydrotreatment, Renewable fuels, Solid catalysts, Transesterification (fatty acid glycerides), Vegetable oils/fats}, issn = {0376-4710}, author = {Srinivas, Darbha and Satyarthi, Jitendra Kumar} } @article { ISI:000323361600008, title = {Three-dimensional, mesoporous titanosilicates as catalysts for producing biodiesel and biolubricants}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-Chemical}, volume = {377}, year = {2013}, month = {OCT}, pages = {65-73}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

The application of three-dimensional, mesoporous titanosilicates, Ti-SBA-12 and Ti-SBA-16, as reusable solid acid catalysts for producing biodiesel and biolubricants is reported for the first time. Biodiesel was prepared by esterification of oleic acid with monohydric methanol and biolubricants by esterification with polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol and pentaerythritol). High catalytic activity of these catalysts is attributed to the presence of dispersed Lewis acidic Ti sites and mesoporosity in the structure. Biodiesel yields as high as 90 mol\% were obtained at 443 K. Surface hydrophobicity of the catalyst has also a predominant role, especially, in reactions involving polyhydric alcohols. In those reactions, Ti-SBA-16 showed higher catalytic activity than Ti-SBA-12. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, Esterification of fatty acid, Lubricant basestocks, mesoporous materials, Ti-SBA-12, Ti-SBA-16, Titanosilicates}, issn = {1381-1169}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcata.2013.04.029}, author = {Kotwal, Mehejabeen and Kumar, Anuj and Darbha, Srinivas} } @article { ISI:000361828000068, title = {Conversion of dried aspergillus candidus mycelia grown on waste whey to biodiesel by in situ acid transesterification}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, volume = {197}, year = {2015}, month = {DEC}, pages = {502-507}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCI LTD}, address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

This study reports optimization of the transesterification reaction step on dried biomass of an oleaginous fungus Aspergillus candidus grown on agro-dairy waste, whey. Acid catalyzed transesterification was performed and variables affecting esterification, viz., catalyst methanol and chloroform concentrations, temperature, time, and biomass were investigated. Statistical optimization of the transesterification reaction using Plackett-Burman Design showed biomass to be the predominant factor with a 12.5-fold increase in total FAME from 25.6 to 320 mg. Studies indicate that the transesterification efficiency in terms of conversion is favored by employing lower biomass loadings. A. candidus exhibited FAME profiles containing desirable saturated (30.2\%), monounsaturated (31.5\%) and polyunsaturated methyl esters (38.3\%). The predicted and experimentally determined biodiesel properties (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, cetane number, TAN, water content, total and free glycerol) were in accordance with international (ASTM D6751, EN 14214) and national (IS 15607) standards. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus candidus, Biodiesel, In situ acid transesterification, Plackett-Burman Design, Whey}, issn = {0960-8524}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.118}, author = {Kakkad, Hardik and Khot, Mahesh and Smita S. Zinjarde and RaviKumar, Ameeta and Kumar, V. Ravi and Kulkarni, B. D.} } @article { ISI:000355786500005, title = {Phosphonated USY, a promising catalyst for the development of environmentally benign biodiesel (methyl acetate) process}, journal = {Journal of Energy Chemistry}, volume = {24}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, month = {MAY}, pages = {285-290}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

The present study focuses on the evaluation of the potential applicability of Ultra Stable Y (USY) and phosphonated USY (1 wt\%-4 wt\% phosphorous loading) as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel (methyl acetate) production. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunaer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, total acidity by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. The performances of catalysts were evaluated for the transesterification of butyl acetate with methanol (a model reaction in biodiesel production). In view to obtain a maximum yield of methyl acetate, the optimization of process parameters such as reactant molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time was performed. All the phosphonated USY catalysts showed higher catalytic activity than the parent USY, which can be attributed to the increase of total acidity due to phosphonation. 2 wt\% P/USY (2\% phosphorous loaded on USY) exhibited 92\% methyl acetate yield with 100\% selectivity, which was proved to be a potential catalyst for biodiesel production. The invented catalyst was found to be stable and reusable for five catalytic cycles, demonstrating that it might be a environmentally benign catalytic process.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, methyl acetate, phosphonated USY, transesterification}, issn = {2095-4956}, doi = {10.1016/S2095-4956(15)60313-8}, author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Gopal, Gahana C. and Bokade, Vijay V.} } @article {44228, title = {Optimization of the in situ transesterification step for biodiesel production using biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589 grown on waste cooking oil}, journal = {Energy}, volume = {142}, year = {2018}, month = {JAN }, pages = {944-952}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

The in situ (one-step) acid-catalyzed transesterification step for conversion to biodiesel of biomass from oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grown on waste cooking oil (WCO) is studied. The process yield of biodiesel was optimized by investigating effects of various parameters, namely, biomass, methanol, chloroform, catalyst, temperature, time and sonication. A Plackett-Burman statistical design of experiments revealed that biomass is the most significant factor influencing biodiesel (FAME, fatty acid methyl ester) production. Subsequently, a one variable design (OVD) of experiments for increased biomass loadings showed higher yields of FAME with no additional requirement of reactants, solvents or special equipment. The biomass grown on WCO had a lipid productivity of 0.042 g L-1 h(-1) and 4 g of this loading gave a high FAME yield of 0.88 gin 8 hat 50 degrees C with methanol: chloroform (10:1) and acid catalyst (0.2 M H2SO4,1.0 ml g(-1)). The FAME profile had desirable amounts of saturated (32.81\%), monounsaturated (36.41\%), polyunsaturated (30.59\%) methyl esters. The predicted and experimentally determined physico-chemical properties of FAME were found in accordance with specified international standards. Thus, the direct one-pot in situ transesterification reaction using Y. lipolytica biomass grown on WCO provides a high yield of biodiesel with potential applicability while simultaneously addressing the management of this pollutant. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, FAME, In situ transesterification, One -step, Waste cooking oil, Yarrowia lipolytica}, issn = {0360-5442}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.082}, author = {Katre, Gouri and Raskar, Shubham and Zinjarde, Smita and Kumar, V. Ravi and Kulkarni, B. D. and RaviKumar, Ameeta} } @article {47091, title = {Sulfonic acid-functionalized heterogeneous catalytic materials for efficient biodiesel production: a review}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering}, volume = {9}, year = {2021}, month = {FEB}, pages = {104719}, type = {Review}, abstract = {

The development of social productive forces leads to the increasing consumption of fossil fuels. However, the burning of traditional fossil fuels releases huge amounts of carbon emissions into the atmosphere, resulting in drastically increased global surface temperatures, and hence, global warming and abnormal climate change. Biodiesel, which can be produced by (trans)esterification of bio-oils using solid acid catalysts, is recognized as renewable and clean energy, alternative to fossil-derived diesel, and it can meet society{\textquoteright}s requirements. This review describes the catalytic conversion of bio-derived oils into biodiesel using various sulfonic acid-functionalized heterogeneous catalytic materials that show higher catalytic efficiency and superior recyclability. Besides, various methods of biodiesel preparation and the appropriate design and preparation of robust and efficient catalytic materials for biodiesel production were provided. Finally, the mechanisms of different catalytic esterification and transesterification reactions for biodiesel synthesis, the relevant reaction kinetic models, and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production were critically discussed in this review.

}, keywords = {(Trans)esterification, Biodiesel, heterogeneous catalysis, kinetic study, solid acid}, doi = {10.1016/j.jece.2020.104719}, author = {Tan, Xiang and Sudarsanam, Putla and Tan, Jinyu and Wang, Anping and Zhang, Heng and Li, Hu and Yang, Song} } @article {48072, title = {Perception of glycerol carbonate as green chemical: synthesis and applications}, journal = {Catalysis Communications}, volume = {172}, year = {2022}, month = {DEC}, pages = {106542}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Glycerol carbonate (GC) is a prominent component in industrial practice and has a remarkable potential for the sophisticated applications. While GC has come into prominence due to the perceived overflow of glycerol (GLY) as a coproduct of biodiesel industry, its contemporary and future downstream applications are driving tremendous interest in recent years. This review comprises strategies for glycerol carbonate synthesis, properties and its applications. The conversion of GLY to GC via transesterification has appeared in consensus to be the most promising route. A detailed explanation of the effect of the catalysts and operating conditions on the GC yield to provide an updated understanding of the process are summarized. Future directions for GC production through catalytic transesterification are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, biofuels, catalysis, Glycerol, Glycerol carbonate, green chemistry, transesterification}, issn = {1566-7367}, doi = {10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106542}, author = {Gade, Swapna M. and Saptal, Vitthal B. and Bhanage, Bhalchandra M.} } @article {47992, title = {Recent developments in the applications of biomass-derived sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts}, journal = {Helvetica Chimica Acta}, volume = {105}, year = {2022}, month = {AUG}, pages = {e202200032}, type = {Review}, abstract = {

Recently, carbon-based materials are gaining a lot of attraction. It is considered as an emerging area of research and has gained significant importance as an efficient catalyst/material in various fields. Biomass is abundantly available, cheap and a renewable carbon resource. Sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalyst can be derived by sulfonation of various sources of biomass such as sugars, lignin, fruit waste, agro-waste, bio-char, etc. Sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts can be used as a substitute to liquid acids. These catalysts possess a stable carbon skeleton and are insoluble in almost all organic solvents as well as under acidic/basic conditions. This review covers details about biomass-derived sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts and its catalytic activities in many important transformations such as hydrolysis of cellulose, synthesis of biodiesel, synthesis of various important chemicals and for various organic transformations.

}, keywords = {Biodiesel, Biomass, cellulose, Hydrolysis, sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalyst}, issn = {0018-019X}, doi = {10.1002/hlca.202200032}, author = {Kirdant, Swapnali P. and Tamboli, Asma T. Biradar and Jadhav, Vrushali H.} }