@article { ISI:000338353000004,
	title = {Glycerol etherification using n-butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuel over H-beta zeolite catalysts},
	journal = {Energy Technology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {446-452},
	publisher = {WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH},
	address = {BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY},
	abstract = {<p>The catalytic etherification of glycerol has been systematically studied in batch process by using n-butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuels over various solid-acid catalysts, such as H-beta zeolite, ZSM-5, K10, etc.. The present work includes a detailed study of the optimization of the etherification process parameters, such as catalyst loading (7-20 wt\% of glycerol), molar ratio of glycerol/n-butanol (1: 6 to 1: 15), speed of agitation (100-400 rpm), reaction temperature (413-453 K), and reaction time (0.5-4 h) in view of maximizing the glycerol conversion and selectivity towards mono-butyl-glycerol ether (ME). The catalyst reusability was studied using the optimized process parameters. Amongst the studied catalysts, the H-beta zeolite was found to be the most promising for the etherification of glycerol with glycerol conversion of 55\% and a 98\% selectivity towards ME formation. The H-beta zeolite was found to be an active and stable catalyst for up to 4 cycles. The use of n-butanol as alkylating agent is presented for first time, to the authors knowledge. The reaction was performed at milder operating conditions (0.5 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa). A kinetic model was developed for the etherification reaction and the data obtained at optimized process parameters was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The reaction rate constants at different reaction temperatures, activation energies, and pre-exponential factors were obtained for the etherification reaction with an accuracy of R-2 \&gt; 0.989.</p>},
	keywords = {biofuels, catalysis, etherification, fuel additives, zeolites},
	issn = {2194-4288},
	doi = {10.1002/ente.201300169},
	author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Patil, Shivraj E. and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
@article {47027,
	title = {Magnetically separable catalyst for condensation of renewable aldehydes and 2-methylfuran to saturated cyclic oxygenates},
	journal = {Fuel Processing Technology},
	volume = {197},
	year = {2020},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {106191},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>The saturated cyclic ethers produced from biomass derived aldehydes and 2-methylfuran are the potential diesel fuel candidates. The synthesis of saturated cyclic ethers is a two step process which involves acid catalyzed condensation of aldehydes with 2-methylfuran and the subsequent selective furan ring hydrogenation of the condensation products. Here, we designed a novel recyclable magnetic solid acid catalyst such as [Fe3O4@SiO2-Pr-Py-H][2HSO(4)(2-)] and employed for the condensation of 2-methylfuran with formaldehyde as model substrates and reaction parameters were optimized. Under the set reaction conditions, condensation of 2-methylfuran with several other aldehydes were also successfully achieved with very good yields. Further, several supported noble metal catalysts were screened in order to find suitable catalyst system for selective furan ring hydrogenation of condensation products. Among those, 5\% Pd/C was found to be very active and selective for furan ring hydrogenation without formation of ring opened products under very low hydrogen pressure at room temperature. Prepared catalysts were thoroughly characterized with sophisticated techniques.</p>
},
	keywords = {fuel additives, Hydrogenation, Hydroxyalkylation-alkylation, Magnetic solid acid, Organosilica},
	issn = {0378-3820},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106191},
	author = {Tarade, Komal and Shinde, Suhas and Rode, Chandrashekhar}
}
