@article { ISI:000338353000004, title = {Glycerol etherification using n-butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuel over H-beta zeolite catalysts}, journal = {Energy Technology}, volume = {2}, number = {5}, year = {2014}, month = {MAY}, pages = {446-452}, publisher = {WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH}, address = {BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY}, abstract = {

The catalytic etherification of glycerol has been systematically studied in batch process by using n-butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuels over various solid-acid catalysts, such as H-beta zeolite, ZSM-5, K10, etc.. The present work includes a detailed study of the optimization of the etherification process parameters, such as catalyst loading (7-20 wt\% of glycerol), molar ratio of glycerol/n-butanol (1: 6 to 1: 15), speed of agitation (100-400 rpm), reaction temperature (413-453 K), and reaction time (0.5-4 h) in view of maximizing the glycerol conversion and selectivity towards mono-butyl-glycerol ether (ME). The catalyst reusability was studied using the optimized process parameters. Amongst the studied catalysts, the H-beta zeolite was found to be the most promising for the etherification of glycerol with glycerol conversion of 55\% and a 98\% selectivity towards ME formation. The H-beta zeolite was found to be an active and stable catalyst for up to 4 cycles. The use of n-butanol as alkylating agent is presented for first time, to the authors knowledge. The reaction was performed at milder operating conditions (0.5 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa). A kinetic model was developed for the etherification reaction and the data obtained at optimized process parameters was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The reaction rate constants at different reaction temperatures, activation energies, and pre-exponential factors were obtained for the etherification reaction with an accuracy of R-2 \> 0.989.

}, keywords = {biofuels, catalysis, etherification, fuel additives, zeolites}, issn = {2194-4288}, doi = {10.1002/ente.201300169}, author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Patil, Shivraj E. and Bokade, Vijay V.} } @article {45644, title = {Application of glucose derived magnetic solid acid for etherification of 5-HMF to 5-EMF, dehydration of sorbitol to isosorbide, and esterification of fatty acids}, journal = {Tetrahedron Letters}, volume = {57}, year = {2016}, month = {SEP }, pages = {4398-4400}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

In this study, the catalytic activity of Glu-Fe3O4-SO3H was evaluated for three acid catalyzed reactions: etherification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF) in ethanol, dehydration of sorbitol to isosorbide, and esterification of fatty acids with good yields and selectivity. Moreover, the catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction with an external magnetic force and reused at least five times without a significant decrease in catalytic activity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {dehydration, Esterification, etherification, Magnetic}, issn = {0040-4039}, doi = {10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.061}, author = {Thombal, Raju S. and Jadhav, Vrushali H.} } @article {46967, title = {Synthesis of ethyl furfuryl ether (potential biofuel) by etherification of furfuryl alcohol with ethanol over heterogenized reusable H1Cs2PW12O40 catalyst}, journal = {Research on Chemical Intermediates}, volume = {46}, year = {2020}, month = {APR}, pages = {2309-2325}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

{Ethyl furfuryl ether (EFE) considered as potential biofuel can replace petroleum diesel up to 100\%. EFE also has efficient blending properties with biodiesel to improve its cold flow properties. Herein we demonstrate efficient synthesis of EFE by etherification of renewable furfuryl alcohol (FAlc) with ethanol over heterogenized heteropoly acids. Cs-exchanged heterogenized heteropoly acid (H3-xCsxPW12O40

}, keywords = {B, etherification, Ethyl furfuryl ether, Furfuryl alcohol, H3-xCsxPW12O40, Heterogenized heteropoly acid, L ration}, issn = {0922-6168}, doi = {10.1007/s11164-020-04093-z, Early Access Date = FEB 2020}, author = {Mulik, Nagesh L. and Niphadkar, Prashant S. and Bokade, Vijay V.} } @article {48029, title = {Immobilization of HPW on UiO-66-NH2 MOF as efficient catalyst for synthesis of furfuryl ether and alkyl levulinate as biofuel}, journal = {Molecular Catalysis}, volume = {531}, year = {2022}, month = {OCT}, pages = {112689}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Phosphotungustic Acid (HPW) is an inorganic super acid, that is highly soluble in polar solvents limiting its applicability as acid catalysis. To overcome these limitations immobilization of HPW was carried out at room temperature by protonation of-NH2 group of UiO-66-NH2 MOF to UiO-66-NH2-HPW. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and XPS results confirmed the protonation and chemical interaction between HPW and UiO-66-NH2. STEM-EDS mapping showed homogeneous distribution of HPW on UiO-66-NH2. BET and NH3-TPD confirmed the reduction in specific surface area, total pore volume, and increase in total acidity for UiO-66-NH2-HPW. Further, powder XRD, SEM, and HR-TEM prevailed that there is no change in phase and morphology after post-synthetic modification of UiO-66-NH2. The prepared catalyst is found to be effective for etherification and alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol (FALc) to Furfuryl ether (FE) and Alkyl levulinate (AL). UiO-66-NH2-HPW has shown 97 mol \% FALc conversions in ethanolic media and 31 mol\% Ethyl furfuryl ether (EFE) yield and 29 mol\% Ethyl lev-ulinate (EL) yield. UiO-66-NH2-HPW is also found to be efficient for the multistep conversion of Furfural (FFR) to FALc, FE, and AL.

}, keywords = {Alcoholysis, etherification, Immobilization, Phosphotungstic acid, UiO-66-NH2-HPW}, issn = {2468-8231}, doi = {10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112689}, author = {Mulik, Nagesh and Bokade, Vijay} }