@article { ISI:000268401300001,
	title = {Responses of midgut amylases of Helicoverpa armigera to feeding on various host plants},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
	volume = {55},
	number = {8},
	year = {2009},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {663-670},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>Midgut digestive amylases and proteinases of Helicoverpa armigera, a polyphagous and devastating insect pest of economic importance have been studied. We also identified the potential of a sorghum amylase inhibitor against H. armigera midgut amylase. Amylase activities were detected in all the larval instars, pupae, moths and eggs; early instars had lower amylase levels which steadily increased up to the sixth larval instar. Qualitative and quantitative differences in midgut amylases of H. amigera upon feeding on natural and artificial diets were evident. Natural diets were categorized as one or more members of legumes, vegetables, flowers and cereals belonging to different plant families. Amylase activity and isoform patterns varied depending on host plant and/or artificial diet. Artificial diet-fed H. armigera larvae had comparatively high amylase activity and several unique amylase isoforms. Correlation of amylase and proteinase activities of H. armigera with the protein and carbohydrate content of various diets suggested that H. armigera regulates the levels of these digestive enzymes in response to macromolecular composition of the diet. These adjustments in the digestive enzymes of H. armigera may be to obtain better nourishment from the diet and avoid toxicity due to nutritional imbalance. H. armigera, a generalist feeder experiences a great degree of nutritional heterogeneity in its diet. An investigation of the differences in enzyme levels in response to macronutrient balance and imbalance highlight their importance in insect nutrition. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Amylase inhibitors, Diet, Helicoverpa armigera larvae, Midgut amylase, Proteinases},
	issn = {0022-1910},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.05.004},
	author = {Kotkar, Hemlata M. and Sarate, Priya J. and Tamhane, Vaijayanti A. and Gupta, Vidya S. and Giri, Ashok P.}
}
@article {48763,
	title = {Regulation of trehalose metabolism in insects: from genes to the metabolite window},
	journal = {Glycobiology},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2023},
	month = {MAY },
	pages = {262-273},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {<p>
	Trehalose is a major circulatory sugar in the haemolymph of insects. It provides instant energy and protection against stress. Trehalose metabolism is associated with insect growth and development. The architecture and spatio-temporal expression dynamics of trehalose metabolism and transport genes are key for regulation. These genes are controlled by various transcription factors, largely linked to nutrition, insect development, and metamorphosis. Also, trehalose levels are affected by substrate affinities and modifications of enzymes involved in the pathway. A feedback mechanism involving the precursors and products can regulate trehalose metabolism. Further, the neuroendocrine system controls trehalose levels under normal and stressed conditions by producing different hormones. Hypotrehalosemic hormones work under surplus energy conditions to activate haemolymph trehalose uptake and degradation. In contrast, hypertrehalosemic hormones stimulate trehalose production in the fat body and its transport to the haemolymph. However, trehalose metabolism regulation in insects needs to be studied in detail. This review discusses aspects of trehalose synthesis, transport, and degradation dynamics in developmental transition and stress response. Unraveling the epigenetic factors, transcriptional control and chemical or genetic modulators can provide further insights into the intricate regulation of trehalose in a development- and tissue-specific manner. This molecular information about effectors and regulators of trehalose metabolism can be applied in developing diverse biotechnological applications.</p>
},
	keywords = {Hormone, Insect development, Metabolic regulation, Stress, trehalose},
	issn = {0959-6658},
	doi = {10.1093/glycob/cwad011},
	author = {Tellis, Meenakshi B. and Kotkar, Hemlata M. and Joshi, Rakesh S.}
}
