@article { ISI:000267478600011, title = {Spatial and temporal expression patterns of diverse Pin-II proteinase inhibitor genes in Capsicum annuum Linn}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {442}, number = {1-2}, year = {2009}, month = {AUG}, pages = {88-98}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Pin-II type proteinase inhibitor (PI) genes were cloned from fruit and stem tissues of Capsicum annuum L var Phule Jyoti using primers designed from reported CanPI gene sequence (AF039398). In total, 21 novel CanPIs, members of the Pin-II PI family, were identified in the study, with three isoforms of 1-inhibitory repeat domain (IRD), eight isoforms of 2-IRD), three isoforms of 3-IRD, five isoforms of 4-IRD and two partial CanPI sequences. Most of the sequences showed variation (2 to 20\%) in the deduced AA sequences which were pronounced close to the reactive site loop. Expression patterns of CanPIs in the fruit and stem tissues of mature C. annuum plants were shown to vary qualitatively and quantitatively using semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis. In the fruit tissue. CanPIs with different IRDs (from 1 to 4) were expressed simultaneously. In stem tissue, 1- and 2-IRD CanPIs were strongly expressed along moderate expression of 3- and 4-IRD genes. Analysis of CanPI protein activity showed a range of active forms across the tissues. CanPI expression was differentially up-regulated upon wounding and insect attack. Although infestation by aphids (Myzus persicae) and lepidopteran pests (Spodoptera litura) specifically induced 4-IRD CanPIs, virus-infected leaves did not affect CanPI expression. Analysis of CanPI protein activity indicated that the up-regulation in CanPI expression was not always correlated with increase in PI activity. Our results demonstrated that CanPI expression is regulated spatially, temporally as well as qualitatively and quantitatively. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {CanPI, Capsicum annuum, Endogenous role, Pin-II, Plant defense, Proteinase inhibitor}, issn = {0378-1119}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.012}, author = {Tamhane, Vaijayanti A. and Giri, Ashok P. and Kumar, Pavan and Gupta, Vidya S.} } @article { ISI:000311804700002, title = {Stress inducible proteinase inhibitor diversity in capsicum annuum}, journal = {BMC Plant Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {NOV}, pages = {217}, publisher = {BIOMED CENTRAL LTD}, address = {236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Background: Wound-inducible Pin-II Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are one of the important plant serine PIs which have been studied extensively for their structural and functional diversity and relevance in plant defense against insect pests. To explore the functional specialization of an array of Capsicum annuum (L.) proteinase inhibitor (CanPIs) genes, we studied their expression, processing and tissue-specific distribution under steady-state and induced conditions. Inductions were performed by subjecting C. annuum leaves to various treatments, namely aphid infestation or mechanical wounding followed by treatment with either oral secretion (OS) of Helicoverpa armigera or water. Results: The elicitation treatments regulated the accumulation of CanPIs corresponding to 4-, 3-, and 2-inhibitory repeat domains (IRDs). Fourty seven different CanPI genes composed of 28 unique IRDs were identified in total along with those reported earlier. The CanPI gene pool either from uninduced or induced leaves was dominated by 3-IRD PIs and trypsin inhibitory domains. Also a major contribution by 4-IRD CanPI genes possessing trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor domains was specifically revealed in wounded leaves treated with OS. Wounding displayed the highest number of unique CanPIs while wounding with OS treatment resulted in the high accumulation of specifically CanPI-4, -7 and -10. Characterization of the PI protein activity through two dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed tissue and induction specific patterns. Consistent with transcript abundance, wound plus OS or water treated C. annuum leaves exhibited significantly higher PI activity and isoform diversity contributed by 3- and 4-IRD CanPIs. CanPI accumulation and activity was weakly elicited by aphid infestation yet resulted in the higher expression of CanPI-26, -41 and -43. Conclusions: Plants can differentially perceive various kinds of insect attacks and respond appropriately through activating plant defenses including regulation of PIs at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Based on the differentially elicited CanPI accumulation patterns, it is intriguing to speculate that generating sequence diversity in the form of multi-IRD PIs is a part of elaborative plant defense strategy to obtain a diverse pool of functional units to confine insect attack.

}, keywords = {CanPI, Herbivory, Oral secretions, Pin-II type proteinase inhibitors, Plant-insect interaction}, issn = {1471-2229}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2229-12-217}, author = {Mishra, Manasi and Mahajan, Neha S. and Tamhane, Vaijayanti A. and Kulkarni, Mahesh J. and Baldwin, Ian T. and Gupta, Vidya S. and Giri, Ashok P.} } @article { ISI:000331848900023, title = {Stress inducible proteomic changes in capsicum annuum leaves}, journal = {Plant Physiology and Biochemistry}, volume = {74}, year = {2014}, month = {JAN}, pages = {212-217}, publisher = {ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER}, address = {23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE}, abstract = {

Herbivore attack induces defense responses in plants, activating several signaling cascades. As a result, molecules deterrent to the herbivores are produced and accumulated in plants. Expression of defense mechanism/traits requires reorganization of the plant metabolism, redirecting the resources otherwise meant for growth. In the present work, protein profile of Capsicum annuum leaves was examined after herbivore attack/induction. Majority of proteins identified as differentially accumulated, were having roles in redox metabolism and photosynthesis. For example, superoxide dismutase and NADP oxidoreductase were upregulated by 10- and 6-fold while carbonic anhydrase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were downregulated by 9- and 4-fold, respectively. Also, superoxide dismutase, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase and NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase transcripts showed a higher accumulation in induced leaf tissues at early time points. In general, proteins having role in defense and damage repair were upregulated while those involved in photosynthesis appeared downregulated. Thus metabolic reconfiguration to balance defense and tolerance was evident in the stress-induced leaves. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Capsicum annuum, Oxidative stress, Wounding}, issn = {0981-9428}, doi = {10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.017}, author = {Mahajan, Neha S. and Mishra, Manasi and Tamhane, Vaijayanti A. and Gupta, Vidya S. and Giri, Ashok P.} }