@article { ISI:000377891600014,
	title = {Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO2 and methanol over CeO2 catalysts of different morphologies},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Sciences},
	volume = {128},
	number = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {957-965},
	publisher = {INDIAN ACAD SCIENCES},
	address = {C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B \#8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA},
	abstract = {<p>The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and methanol is an attractive approach towards conversion of the greenhouse gas - CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels. Ceria (CeO2) catalyzes this reaction. But the conversion efficiency of CeO2 is enhanced when the byproduct water in the reaction medium is separated by employing trapping agents like 2-cyanopyridine (2-CP). In this work, the influence of morphology of CeO2 on the direct synthesis of DMC in presence of 2-CP is reported. CeO2 catalysts of cube, rod, spindle and irregular morphology (Ce - C, Ce - R, Ce - S and Ce - N, respectively) were prepared, characterized and studied as catalysts in the said reaction conducted in a batch mode. Among all, Ce - S shows superior catalytic performance with nearly 100 mol\% of DMC selectivity. Catalytic activity correlates with the concentration of acid and base sites of medium strength as well as defect sites. Ce - S has an optimum number of these active sites and thereby shows superior catalytic performance.</p>},
	keywords = {acid-base catalysis, ceria, CO2 utilization, Dimethyl carbonate, influence of morphology},
	issn = {0974-3626},
	doi = {10.1007/s12039-016-1094-0},
	author = {Unnikrishnan, P. and Darbha, Srinivas}
}
@article {45368,
	title = {Direct synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol and carbon dioxide over ceria catalysts},
	journal = {New Journal Of Chemistry},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2018},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {17546-17552},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>Direct synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC) by carboxylation of ethanol with CO2 was investigated over ceria catalysts. 2-Cyanopyridine (2-CP) was used for trapping water formed in the reaction and to shift the equilibrium towards the product side. An optimal dependence (volcanic plot) of the catalytic activity on the acidity/basicity molar ratio was observed. Neat ceria (procured from Daiichi Kigenso Kagaku Kogyo Co. Ltd, Japan) showed higher catalytic activity than metal incorporated ceria catalysts. CeO2 had the right kind of acidity/basicity ratio to activate ethanol and CO2 simultaneously, yielding DEC. The catalyst was reusable. The yield of DEC obtained in this study using the commercial catalyst was higher than that reported by others using ceria catalysts prepared by other methods. Under optimum conditions (ethanol:2-CP molar ratio = 2:1, catalyst = 2.17 wt\% with respect to ethanol, CO2 pressure = 40 bar, reaction temperature = 150 degrees C and reaction time = 3 h) in a batch reaction, a DEC yield as high as 45 mol\% (i.e., 38.7 mmol mmol(-1) of CeO2) was obtained.</p>},
	issn = { 1144-0546},
	doi = {10.1039/c8nj04090g},
	author = {Giram, Ganesh  G. and Bokade, Vijay V. and Darbha, Srinivas}
}
