@article {46928,
	title = {Synthesis and characterization of supported heteropoly acid: efficient solid acid catalyst for glycerol esterification to produce biofuel additives},
	journal = {Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2020},
	month = {NOV },
	pages = {1157-1165},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid has been studied with different solid acid catalysts, prepared by impregnating phospotungustic, silicotungstic, and phosphomolybdic acids on polymeric material polyvinylpyrrolidone. These results were compared with commercially available montmorillonite KSFO catalyst showed that PVP-DTP gave higher selectivity to di- and triacetins. This study was mainly focused on increasing the selectivity toward triacetin which is an excellent alternative to fossil fuel based fuel additives. The detail characterization was done for the PVP-DTP catalyst which gave complete conversion of glycerol and maximum selectivity of 34\% toward triacetin. Complete conversion of glycerol was achieved at 110 degrees C within 6 h of reaction time. The characterization of the catalyst was performed by SEM/EDX, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetic techniques, and FT-IR analysis.TPD-NH3 characterization showed that DTP supported on PVP increases the catalyst acidity of PVP. The highest acidity of PVP-DTP is also confirmed using NH3-TPD analysis.</p>
},
	keywords = {Glycerol, phospostugustic acid, povidone, solid acid catalyst, triacetin},
	issn = {2470-1556},
	doi = {10.1080/24701556.2020.1737817, Early Access Date = MAR 2020},
	author = {Magar, Subhash and Mohanraj, Govindraj T. and Jana, Sumit Kumar and Rode, V, Chandrashekhar}
}
@article {49135,
	title = {Activity performance and kinetics for glycerol carbonylation with urea over Zn-Co mixed metal oxide catalyst},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering },
	volume = {101},
	year = {2023},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {2075-2093},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Efficient carbonylation of glycerol using urea with Zn-Co mixed metal oxide (MMO) catalyst has been achieved. Various methods of catalyst preparation were explored for glycerol carbonate (GC) synthesis. The optimized method of catalyst preparation was found to be co-precipitation (CP) with a Zn:Co ratio of 70:30, achieving 81\% glycerol conversion with 97\% GC selectivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the formation of ZnO, Co-3 O-4, and spinel ZnCo2O4 phases. Thermal treatment given to the catalyst allows insertion of Zn cations into Co3O4 lattice forming ZnCo2O4 phase which was also evidenced in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. Herein, for the first time, reaction kinetics was studied to propose the rate equation, based on which a plausible reaction pathway is proposed involving two-site adsorption of glycerol (basic site) and urea (acidic site), which undergo carbonylation followed by cyclization into GC. A recycle study and hot filtration test have proven the reusability of the catalyst.</p>
},
	keywords = {Carbonylation, cyclic carbonate, Glycerol, kinetics, mixed metal oxide},
	issn = {0008-4034},
	doi = {10.1002/cjce.24587},
	author = {Kondawar, Sharda E. and Kasar, Gaytri B. and Khatua, Angshuman S. and Rode, V, Chandrashekhar}
}
