@article {48674,
	title = {Selective and robust Ru catalyst for the aqueous phase aerobic oxidation of furfural to 2-furoic acid},
	journal = {ACS Applied Materials \& Interfaces},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2023},
	month = {SEP },
	pages = {47004-47015},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Synthesis of 2-furoic acid (FURA) via oxidation of furfural (FAL) is vital in evolving the biorefinery concept as FURA has numerous important applications in the pharmaceuticals and optic areas. Though few works on this reaction are done, those are marred with shortcomings such as the nonrecyclability of catalyst, dilute solutions, lower yields, or use of H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. Herein, we report catalytic aqueous phase oxidation of FAL to FURA using molecular oxygen as an oxidizing agent. For the synthesis of FURA, various catalysts with a combination of metal (Pt, Pd, Ru) and supports (carbon, Al2O3) were prepared and characterized by multiple techniques (X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)). Oxidation of FAL carried out over 5 wt \% Ru/C catalyst in the presence of Na2CO3 yielded 83\% of FURA at 120 degrees C and 15 bar oxygen pressure. The catalyst could show potential for reusability as similar activity was achieved after subjecting the spent catalyst to mild reduction treatment (150 degrees C). Studies on the effects of temperature, pressure, and time could help accomplish enhanced yields of FURA. Additionally, learning about the effect of base (weak/strong/solid) revealed that due to the weak basicity of Na2CO3, higher yields could be achieved by maintaining approximately a pH of 11, which is optimal for suppressing side reactions. Under the given conditions, FURA is stable (\&gt;90\%) and also adsorption studies divulge that it is immediately removed from the catalyst surface, and hence higher yields could be achieved in our catalytic system. Using the initial rates methodology, an activation energy of 21.91 kJ mol(-1) was derived and also a high turn over frequency (TOF) (85.9 h(-1)) was observed under optimized conditions.</p>
},
	keywords = {2-furoic acid (FURA), Biomass conversion, furfural (FAL), heterogeneous catalyst, Oxidation, ruthenium on carbon etc},
	issn = {1944-8244},
	doi = {10.1021/acsami.3c09965},
	author = {Lokhande, Priya and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
@article {49016,
	title = {Shell waste valorization to chemicals: methods and progress},
	journal = {Green Chemistry },
	volume = {26},
	year = {2024},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {5601-5634},
	type = {Review},
	abstract = {<p>
	In light of growing energy and resource demands, the conversion of biomass materials into diverse chemicals and fuels holds significant importance. This process enables the utilization of biomass as a valuable and renewable resource to meet these escalating needs. The current biomass valorization processes are largely based on plant-derived lignocellulosic biomass materials. Studying new genres of biomass materials and their value addition is highly desirable, and they would complement and expand the existing biorefinery system. Crustacean shell waste represents a highly potential bioresource that is composed of a set of useful chemicals, among which chitin, the amino polysaccharide, has come to the fore as a promising material for a plethora of applications. In terms of the abundance of biopolymers on Earth, cellulose is the most prevalent biopolymer, and chitin ranks as the second. The presence of biologically fixed nitrogen in the structure of chitin opens up new possibilities for making useful chemicals, notably nitrogen-containing chemicals, which are otherwise impossible to produce directly from lignocellulosic biomass. In the last two decades, several attempts have been made by researchers in this area to convert chitin and its derivatives into valuable chemicals. This review comprehensively summarizes the transformation of the chitin fraction from shell waste to various chemicals through different thermo-catalytic processes and appraises the advancements in this area. The effect of various catalytic systems on chitin biomass valorization processes and the challenges and opportunities allied to this are discussed. This review summarises the thermo-catalytic processes converting chitin from shell waste into diverse chemicals and reviews the advances, catalytic systems, and associated challenges.</p>
},
	issn = {1463-9262},
	doi = {10.1039/d3gc05177c},
	author = {Korampattu, Lavanya and Ghosh, Neha and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
